Background
Food consumption patterns have changed tremendously since the mid-twentieth century, with a rapid global nutritional shift raising concerns, particularly in disadvantaged regions such as the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). Given that food intake is very context-specific, this research examines food consumption patterns in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, representing the contemporary Levant region.
Methods
A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The eligibility criteria were to include only original peer-reviewed observational studies reporting individual-level food consumption among local Jordanians, Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians. Extracted data were synthesized through descriptive statistics and presented in tables and charts. The risk of bias was assessed using the tool developed by Hoy et al. for prevalence studies.
Results
A total of 43 articles that measured and reported food consumption at the individual level for the populations in these countries were included. Findings reveal that in the 1960s, diets in the region were primarily local, seasonal, and plant-based, with moderate to low animal product intake. By the 1990s, a noticeable shift occurred, marked by increased consumption of processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and animal products, with minimal increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Most studies were conducted in Lebanon, limiting the generalizability of findings across the Levant countries.